的分類：用有、無工頻(pin)（50赫茲(zi)）變壓器(qi)區別(bie)，可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)兩(liang)大類。貨(huo)運三輪充電(dian)器(qi)通(tong)常運用(yong)帶工(gong)頻變壓器(qi)的充電(dian)機，體積大、重量大，費電(dian)，可(ke)是牢靠(kao)，便宜；電(dian)動自行車(che)和(he)電(dian)摩則(ze)運用(yong)所謂開(kai)關電(dian)源式充電(dian)器(qi)，省電(dian)，效率高，可(ke)是易壞。

   開關(guan)電(dian)源式電(dian)源適配器的準確操(cao)作是：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時，先插(cha)電(dian)池，后(hou)加市電(dian)；滿足后(hou)，先堵(du)截(jie)市電(dian)，后(hou)拔(ba)電(dian)池插(cha)頭(tou)。假(jia)定在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時先拔(ba)電(dian)池插(cha)頭(tou)，格外是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流大（紅(hong)燈）時，非常簡略損(sun)壞(huai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器。

   常用(yong)的開關電源式(shi)電源適(shi)配(pei)器(qi)又(you)分半橋(qiao)式(shi)和單激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)兩(liang)大類，單激(ji)(ji)(ji)類又(you)分為正激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)和反激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)兩(liang)類。半橋(qiao)式(shi)成本高，性能好，常用(yong)于(yu)帶負脈沖的電源適(shi)配(pei)器(qi)；單激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)成本低，市場占(zhan)有率高。

   對于(yu)負脈沖電源適配器

   鉛酸(suan)電池已經有100多年的前史了，初步全球(qiu)廣泛沿引老的觀念和(he)操作規程：充、放電(dian)率(lv)為0.1C(C是電池容(rong)量)壽數較長(chang)。美國人麥斯先生為處理靈敏充電疑問(wen)，1967年向全世界(jie)發(fa)布(bu)了他的研究效(xiao)果，用(yong)大于1C率脈沖電(dian)流充電(dian)，充電(dian)間歇(xie)時對電(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)。放(fang)電(dian)有利于消除極(ji)化、下降電(dian)解液(ye)溫(wen)度(du)、行進極(ji)板承(cheng)受電(dian)荷(he)的才調(diao)。

   我國一些科技工作者在(zai)1969年前后(hou)，依據麥斯先生的三規則制造成功了多種品(pin)牌(pai)的靈敏充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環進(jin)程(cheng)是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)→堵(du)截充電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路→對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池時刻短放電(dian)(dian)(dian)→連(lian)續放電(dian)(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通充電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈(mo)(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)……

   2000年(nian)前后，有人將這一原理用(yong)到了電(dian)動車充電(dian)器(qi)中，充電(dian)進程中，不(bu)堵截(jie)充電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，用(yong)小電(dian)阻將電(dian)池短路(lu)(lu)剎那間，進行放電(dian)。短路(lu)(lu)時因為不(bu)堵截(jie)充電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，在(zai)充電(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)中串連(lian)了電(dian)感。通(tong)常在(zai)1秒內短路(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫秒），因(yin)為電感里(li)的電流(liu)(liu)不(bu)能跳變(bian)，短(duan)路時刻短(duan)暫，能夠保護充電器(qi)的電源變(bian)換有些。假定(ding)把充電電流(liu)(liu)方向(xiang)叫正，放(fang)電天然為負(fu)了，電動車業(ye)就(jiu)呈(cheng)現了名詞“負(fu)脈沖充電器(qi)”，而且(qie)稱能夠延伸(shen)電池壽數等(deng)等(deng)。

   對(dui)于三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)電器

   近幾年，電動車廣泛(fan)運用(yong)了(le)所謂三(san)段式充(chong)(chong)電器，榜(bang)(bang)首個(ge)(ge)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)叫恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，第二個(ge)(ge)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)叫恒(heng)壓(ya)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，第三(san)個(ge)(ge)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)叫涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。從(cong)電子(zi)技術(shu)視點對于(yu)電池而言：榜(bang)(bang)首個(ge)(ge)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)叫充(chong)(chong)電限流(liu)(liu)(liu)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，第二個(ge)(ge)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)叫高恒(heng)壓(ya)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，第三(san)個(ge)(ge)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)叫低恒(heng)壓(ya)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)比照恰(qia)當。第二期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)第三(san)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)變(bian)換(huan)時，面板指示(shi)燈(deng)相應(ying)變(bian)換(huan)，大多數充(chong)(chong)電器榜(bang)(bang)首、二期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)紅(hong)燈(deng)，第三(san)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)變(bian)綠燈(deng)。第二期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)第三(san)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的互相變(bian)換(huan)是(shi)由充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)(liu)(liu)挑選的，大于(yu)某(mou)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入榜(bang)(bang)首第二期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，小于(yu)某(mou)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第三(san)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這個(ge)(ge)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)叫變(bian)換(huan)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)，也叫起色電流(liu)(liu)(liu)。

   前期充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，包(bao)含名(ming)牌(pai)車配(pei)套的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，盡(jin)管也變燈，但實踐(jian)是恒壓(ya)限(xian)流充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，并不是三期間(jian)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)。通常這類(lei)就一個安(an)穩電(dian)壓(ya)值，44.2V左(zuo)右(you)，對當時的(de)高比重(zhong)硫酸的(de)電池還(huan)姑息(xi)。

   對于三(san)段式充電器的三(san)個要害參數

   榜首個(ge)主要(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)涓流(liu)期間(jian)的低恒(heng)壓值，第二個(ge)主要(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)第二期間(jian)的高恒(heng)壓值，第三(san)個(ge)主要(yao)參(can)數(shu)是(shi)變換電流(liu)。這(zhe)三(san)個(ge)主要(yao)參(can)數(shu)與(yu)電池(chi)數(shu)目有關(guan)，與(yu)電池(chi)的容量(liang)Ah有關(guan)(guan)，與溫(wen)度(du)有關(guan)(guan)，與電(dian)池品種有關(guan)(guan)。為了便當我們回想(xiang)，下面以最常見的電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車（三(san)塊(kuai)12V串聯的10Ah電(dian)池）所(suo)用的(de)三段式充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)為例簡略介紹(shao)一下：

   首要議論涓流期間的低恒壓值(zhi)，參看電壓為42.5V左右(you)。此值高將使(shi)電(dian)池失水，簡略使(shi)電(dian)池發(fa)熱(re)變(bian)形；此值低不利于電(dian)池滿足(zu)電(dian)。此值在南邊要低于41.5V；膠體電池要低(di)于(yu)41.5V，如在南邊還要低一點兒(er)。這(zhe)個(ge)參(can)(can)數是相對嚴重的(de)，不(bu)能夠大于參(can)(can)看(kan)值。

   其次議論第二(er)期間的高恒(heng)壓值，參看電壓為(wei)44.5V左右。此值高有利(li)于靈敏滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可是簡略使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下不來，效果(guo)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱變形；此值低不利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)靈敏滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于向涓流期間變換。這個值盡管沒有榜首(shou)個值那樣(yang)嚴重，可是也不要過(guo)高。

   畢竟議論變換電(dian)流(liu)，參看電(dian)流(liu)為300毫安(an)左右。此值高有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽數，不(bu)簡略發(fa)熱(re)變(bian)形(xing)，但(dan)不(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)靈敏(min)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此值低（對外(wai)行）有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可是(shi)因為較長時(shi)間(jian)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，簡略使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發(fa)熱(re)變(bian)形(xing)。格外(wai)單個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)呈(cheng)現疑問時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不(bu)到起色(se)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下時(shi)，會拖累好電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也被充(chong)壞。給出的參看值有(you)必定(ding)規劃，正負50毫安(an)甚至100毫安都(dou)是(shi)容許(xu)的，可是(shi)不容許(xu)小于200毫(hao)安。

   如今，市場上呈現(xian)了(le)很多高恒壓值為46.5V、低(di)恒壓值為41.5V、起(qi)色(se)電流大于500毫安的反(fan)激式便宜充電器。

   假定(ding)是四(si)塊12V電池(chi)的充(chong)電器即48V充電(dian)器，前(qian)兩個參數為前(qian)述電(dian)壓參看值(zhi)除以三乘(cheng)以四。高恒壓值(zhi)為59.5V左右、低(di)恒壓值為56.5V左右。

   電池假定比10Ah大(da)，將第三個(ge)參數(shu)電流值恰當(dang)增(zeng)大(da)，例如17Ah電池可大到500毫安。

   買新充電(dian)器(qi)要(yao)(yao)查看三(san)段式(shi)充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)三(san)個主要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶通常能夠自己(ji)測得第三(san)期間的(de)(de)低(di)恒壓(ya)值。方法(fa)是(shi)，不接(jie)電(dian)池，給充電(dian)器(qi)加市電(dian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)字萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表的(de)(de)200V直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓檔測充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓。另兩個參(can)數高(gao)恒壓值和起色電(dian)(dian)流(liu)通常需求專用工具才調測得。

   再賠償(chang)一些準確(que)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)方法：1，變(bian)綠燈(deng)后再接著充2－3小時。2，原則是淺放（電）勤(qin)充(chong)（電），就是騎行不滿足遠，也要及時充(chong)電，防止放光(guang)再充(chong)電。3，長時間不騎，要守(shou)時（2－3個月）充電一次。4，長時間淺(qian)放的(de)電池，3個月左右，作(zuo)一(yi)次深放電(dian)，就是(shi)所(suo)謂放光再充電(dian)，有(you)利于(yu)電(dian)池深部(bu)的(de)長時間不(bu)動的(de)物質(zhi)的(de)活化。放光的(de)意思是(shi)，騎到控制器電(dian)池欠(qian)壓(ya)保護動作(zuo)間斷(duan)。

   需求提示(shi)客戶幾點：1，通常(chang)新電(dian)池投入(ru)運用8－10個月后(hou)，要對(dui)電池進行查看(kan)和保護。2，通常名牌車配(pei)套的(de)充電(dian)器是通過挑選的(de)，通常不(bu)用查驗，可是單獨到(dao)市場上收(shou)購的(de)非配(pei)套充電(dian)器，必(bi)定要進行前述三(san)個參(can)數的(de)查驗。3，有一種(zhong)不(bu)帶工(gong)頻變壓器的可控(kong)硅充電機，直(zhi)接(jie)整流市電為電池(chi)充電，電流可到30A，電壓12V－80V可調，未完全堵(du)截(jie)市電(dian)前，千萬不要摸電(dian)池，貨(huo)運三輪(lun)運用這類(lei)充電(dian)機的客戶(hu)格外要注意安全。